Female athletes, largely from the Global South, have been subject to decades of ‘invasive’ and ‘medically unnecessary’ testing – based on sexual and racial stereotypes – by the sport’s governing body, according to Human Rights Watch (HRW).

Research found that women who do not fit ‘arbitrary definitions of femininity’ are targeted for ‘degrading and often invasive’ medical examinations and tests to determine whether their testosterone levels fit within the range determined as ‘normal’ for women.